Banda Singh Bahadur

Banda Singh Bahadur was born in a Minhas Rajput family on October 16, 1670, at Rajouri in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, Northern India; he was named Lachman Dev. Wrestling, horseback riding, and hunting was his major hobbies. He was a very active and energetic child. He met a Bairagi Sadhu, Janaki Das and became his disciple. The Sadhu gave him the name, Madho Das. In the company of the Sadhus, he traveled through Northern India and then finally arrived at Nanded (in present-day Maharashtra) in central India, situated on the bank of the river Godavari, where he built a hut to meditate upon God.

Guru Gobind Singh had hoped that Emperor Bahadur Shah would fulfill his promise and do justice in Punjab by punishing the Governor of Sirhind, Nawab Wazir Khan and his accomplices for their crimes against the common people including the deaths of the Guru's mother, Mata Gujri and his two younger sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh. Finding him reluctant, the Guru deputed Madho Das Bairagi, under the leadership of five Sikhs, to end Mughal persecution of innocents in Punjab.

In September 1708, Guru Gobind Singh came to the Deccan and Madho Das came in contact with Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Gobind Singh had a long conversation with Madho Das and encouraged him to give up his present recluse lifestyle and the lonely way of living. The Guru Gobind Singh asked him to resume the duties of a true warrior to fight for righteousness and justice before God. Guru Gobind Singh held a darbar and on 3 September 1708, baptized Madho Das with Khanda di pahal and conferred the title of Banda Singh Bahadur on him. He appointed him as his military lieutenant and invested him with full political and military authority as his deputy to lead the campaign in Punjab against the evil Mughal administration and to punish Nawab Wazir Khan and his supporters.

Banda Singh Bahadur was supplied with five gold-tipped arrows and a nagara (drum) as symbols of temporal authority. He was given an advisory council of five devoted Sikhs (Hazuri Singhs), who on their arrival in Punjab were to assure the Sikhs that Banda Singh Bahadur was the Guru's nominee and deputy and to organize them in order to lead an expedition against Sirhind. The five Singhs were:

1.     Baj Singh, a descendant of the third Sikh Guru, Guru Amar Das.

2.     Baj Singh's brother Ram Singh.

3.     Binod Singh, a descendant of the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev.

4.     Binod Singh's son Kahan Singh

5.     Fateh Singh.

Twenty-five soldiers were to act as Banda's bodyguards. A Hukumnamah (order) in the handwriting of the Guru Gobind Singh instructing Sikhs to join Banda Singh Bahadur in his struggle against the Mughal rule was provided. As an insignia of his temporal authority invested in him, the Guru Gobind Singh gave Banda Singh Bahadur his own sword, green bow, five arrows from his quiver and a Nishan Sahib. Three hundred Sikh cavaliers in battle array accompanied Banda Singh Bahadur up to a distance of eight kilometers to give him a final send-off. At the rate of ten to sixteen kilometers per day, it should have taken Banda Singh Bahadur more than a hundred days to complete his journey, but he actually took about a year. Probably, he might have been frequently in hiding. The emperor must have instructed his officers to kill Banda Singh Bahadur and his band. That is why Banda Singh Bahadur traveled right across Maharashtra and Rajasthan, both of which were then in revolt against the Mughals.

The dispatch of Banda Singh Bahadur to Punjab had infuriated Emperor Bahadur Shah. While Banda Singh Bahadur was on his journey to Punjab, the Guru Gobind Singh was severely wounded by a Pathan sent after the Guru Gobind Singh by Wazir Khan with the connivance of the court nobles. As an indirect result of the wound of this attack, the Guru Gobind Singh passed away on October 7, 1708. In past, Wazir Khan ordered the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's young sons Sahibzada Fateh Singh and Sahibzada Zorawar Singh in 1705. Wazir Khan real name was Mirza Askari and he was Governor of Sirhind, administering a territory of the Mughal Empire between the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers. Banda Singh Bahadur had not gone far when he heard the sad news. This did not discourage him. On the contrary, it doubled his zeal and set the fire of vengeance ablaze in his heart. Distance between Nanded and Hissar in current day Haryana is 1600 Kms. At the rate of 10-16 km per day Banda Singh Bahadur should not have taken more than 100 to 150 days during his journey, but he actually took about a year. It means that he might have been frequently in hiding. The emperor would have instructed his officers to make short work of Banda Singh Bahadur and his party.

Banda Singh Bahadur arrived at Narnaul. There he saw the complete destruction of Satnamis with his own eyes. His blood boiled on learning that entire sect of Satnamis, men, women and children, one and all had been wiped out of existence. It was here that Banda Singh Bahadur suppressed some dacoits and robbers. (This is mentioned in Shri Guru Panth Parkash of Giani Gian Singh, 345-46, 4th edition). Then Banda Singh Bahadur arrived at Hissar and he was well received by Hindus and Sikhs as a leader of the nationalist movement and deputy of Guru Gobind Singh. Liberal offerings were made to him in the cause of the country and Dharam (religion and virtue) which he distributed among poor and needy. Then Banda Singh Bahadur arrived at Tohana. Here Banda issued letters to Malwa Sikhs to join him in his crusade against Wazir Khan of Sirhind.

Never perhaps in the history of Punjab did the circumstances of the time offered so fair a field to the ambition of a leader, conscious of great talents, and called to the command of a warlike people, only too eager to support him in any enterprise he might undertake. Banda Singh Bahadur directed his attention to the east towards Delhi. He wanted to leave Mata Sahib Kaur in Delhi and plunder the Government officials of the fertile area of Haryana. From Kharkhauda about 50 km north-west of Delhi, Mata Sahib was sent to Delhi under proper escort, to join Mata Sundari, who was now acting as the head of the Khalsa. She might have resented Banda's ignoring her for not having visited her at the capital before starting on his crusade.

At Sonepat, 50 Kms north of Delhi, early in November 1709 Banda Singh Bahadur commanded about 500 followers. He attacked government treasury plundered it and distributed it among his retinue. This was his second success against the government and it considerably raised his prestige. By slow marches, he advanced towards Sirhind. Near Kaithal, about 100 km further North, Banda Singh Bahadur seized a Government treasury which was on its way from the northern districts to Delhi. He kept nothing out of it for himself and gave it away to his rank and file. 50 km farther north in Samana, was the native place of Jalal-ud-did Jallad, the professional executioner, who had beheaded Guru Tegh Bahadur, while his son had beheaded two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh. Ali Hussain who by false promises had lured Guru Gobind Singh to evacuate Anandpur also belonged to Samana.

Samana was a cursed place in the eyes of Sikhs. The entire peasantry of the neighborhood was now up in arms due to their ill-treatment by the Mughal administration. Banda Singh Bahadur following had risen to several thousand. Banda fell upon the town on November 26, 1709. The inhabitants were no match to the Banda Singh Bahadur army and they were massacred and town thoroughly squeezed. Samana was the district town and had nine Parganahs attached to it. It was placed under the charge of Fateh Singh. Samana was the first territorial conquest and the first administrative unit of Banda Singh Bahadur. Then Kunjpura, Ghuram, and Thaska inhabited by Mughal Ranghar notorious for rape and rapine were destroyed. People who were born out of a Muslim father and Hindu mother were called Ranghars. Damla was the village of Pathans who had deserted Guru Gobind Singh in the battle of Bhangani. It was ravaged. Shahbad Markanda also fell to Banda Singh Bahadur.

In Sadhaura, Usman Khan, the chief of Sadhaura 25 km distant, had persecuted Sayyid Budhu Shah for helping Guru Gobind Singh in the battle of Bhangani. The Muslim population maltreated the local Hindus. On the approach of Banda Singh Bahadur, the leading Muslims gathered in a big and strongly built mansion. They were all massacred. This building came to be known as Katal Garhi. Banda Singh Bahadur attacked the town and destroyed it. The Battle of Sadhaura was fought between Banda Singh Bahadur and the Mughal army in Sadhaura in 1710. It was a terrible defeat for Mughals. The contemporary historian Khafi Khan wrote: "In two or three month time four to five thousand pony-riders and seven to eight thousand warlike footmen joined Banda Singh Bahadur. Day by day their number increased, and abundant money and material by pillage fell into their hands. Numerous villages were laid waste and Banda Singh Bahadur appointed his own police officers (Thanedars) and collectors of revenue (Tahsil-dar-e-mal)"

The ultimate aim of Banda Singh Bahadur was to punish Wazir Khan and conquer Sirhind. It required time to consolidate his material and territorial gains. He also wanted to study the military resources of Sirhind. He was anxious to see what steps the government will take against him. He, therefore, established his headquarters, at the beginning of February 1710, at Mukhlispur situated in lower Shiwalik hills south of Nahan, about 20 KM from Sadhaura. His fort stood on a hilltop. Two Kuhls or water channels flowed at its base and supplied water to it. This fort was repaired and put in a state of defense. All the money, gold and costly material acquired in these expeditions were deposited here. He struck coins and issued orders under his seal. The name of Mukhlispur was changed to Lohgarh, and it became the capital of the first Sikh state.

Banda Singh Bahadur ruled over the region bounded on the north by Shiwalik hills, on the west by river Tangri, on the east by river Jamuna, and in the south by a line passing through Samana, Thanesar, Kaithal, and Karnal. He abolished the Zamindari System of land prevailing under the Mughals and declared the actual cultivators as the owners of the land. Thus he established the peasant proprietorship and won approbation and support of the overwhelming majority of the population. Khafi Khan says that Banda Singh Bahadur "issued orders to imperial officers and agents and big Jagirdars to submit and give up their business." So Guru Gobind Singh dream of political sovereignty was realized within a year of his death.

Banda Singh Bahadur name struck terror into the hearts of lawless people, and thefts and dacoity became a thing of the past in all the paraganahs occupied by the Sikhs. The reversal of previous customs was striking and complete. A low scavenger or leather dresser, the lowest of the low in the estimation, had only to leave home and join the Guru when in a short time he would return to his birthplace as its ruler with his order and his order of appointment in his hand. As soon as he set foot within the boundaries the wealthy and well-born went out to greet him and with joined palms awaited his orders. Not a soul could disobey an order, and men who had often risked themselves in battlefields became so cowed down that they were afraid even to remonstrate. Banda Singh Bahadur devoted three months in organizing his civil and military administration. Bahadur Shah was still away from Delhi. The Delhi Government had made no attempt to recover their lost territory from him. Wazir Khan of Sirhind was making his own preparations independently to meet the danger from Banda Singh Bahadur.

Banda Singh Bahadur troops consisted of two classes of people. The old Sikhs who had fought under Guru Gobind Singh joined him purely to punish Wazir Khan. Even though Guru Gobind Singh had only sent Banda Singh Bahadur to punish those who had committed atrocities against Pir Buddhu Shah and sane saints, it was the love of Guru Gobind Singh and Sahibzade's that many Sikhs zealously to avenge the murder of the Guru Gobind Singh young sons aligned themselves with Banda Singh Bahadur. They also wished to see the fulfillment of the Guru's prophecy for Sikh sovereignty in Punjab. They numbered about five thousand. Another class of Sikhs of about the same number comprised of young men who wanted to punish and plunder the enemies of their faith. The third group of Hindu Jats, Gujars and Rajputs of about five thousand were intent on plunder alone. Most of them were untrained, raw levies, not fully armed. Banda Singh Bahadur possessed no elephants, no good horses, and no guns. His followers had matchlocks, spears, swords, bows, and arrows. According to Khafi Khan, the number of Sikhs had risen to thirty to forty thousand.

Wazir Khan had proclaimed jihad or holy war against Banda Singh Bahadur. He was joined by the Nawab of Malerkotla, all the other Muslim chiefs, and Jagirdars as well as Ranghars in large numbers. Majority of his soldiers were trained men. Wazir Khan's own forces were six thousand horsemen, eight to nine thousand musketeers (burqandaz) and archers, and with these about ten guns of artillery and many elephants. In addition, there were about ten thousand Ghazis. The total number of troops was about thirty thousand. Banda Singh Bahadur advanced from Lohgarh and halted at Banur, near Ambala, 14 Kms from Rajpura. The Muslims of that town used to seize cows and oxen of Hindus and slaughter them in their presence. Banda Singh Bahadur sacked it and then went towards Sirhind. The battle was fought at Chhappar Chiri, 20 km from Sirhind. On the Mughal side Sher Muhammad Khan, Nawab of Malerkotla was the leader of the right-wing. Wazir Khan was in command of the center. Chief Secretary of Nawab of Malerkotla, Suchanand was put on the left. On the Sikh side, Baj Singh Bal a Jutt of Village Mirpur in Patti District of Amritsar headed right wing. Binod Singh (descendant of Guru Angad Dev Jee) headed the left-wing while Banda Singh Bahadur commanded the center facing the Wazir Khan's army.

Shouts of Sachcha Padishah, Fateh Darshan (Sat Sri Akal was changed to Fateh Darshan by Banda Singh Bahadur), Sat Sri Akal, Akal, Akal, and Ya Ali, rent the sky. Suchanand could not withstand the ferocity of Baj Singh and soon vanquished and fled away. The artillery fire of the Mughals told heavily on the plunderers in Banda Singh Bahadur camp. They were equally divided between Baj Singh and Binod Singh forces. Sher Mohammed Khan was about to overpower Binod Singh's wing when he was suddenly struck by a bullet and was instantly killed. His men immediately dispersed. Wazir Khan was rushing upon Banda Singh Bahadur who stuck fast to his ground and discharged arrows relentlessly. A bloody battle was going on. Baj Singh and Binod Singh now joined Banda Singh Bahadur. Banda Singh Bahadur and the Sikh leaders now converged on Wazir Khan and he was killed. Wazir Khan's death is variously described. Khafi Khan says that he was struck by a Musket ball. Mir Mohammed Ahsan Ijad says that Baj Singh rushed upon Wazir Khan. Wazir Khan threw his spear at Baj Singh. Baj Singh caught hold of it. He flung the same spear upon Wazir Khan. It struck the forehead of his horse. Wazir Khan discharged an arrow which hit Baj Singh arm. He then rushed upon him with his sword. At this juncture, Fatah Singh came to the rescue of Baj Singh. His sword cut the Wazir Khan from shoulder to the waist.

Wazir Khan's head was stuck up on a spear and lifted high up by a Sikh who took his seat in the deceased's howdah (a seat atop of elephant). The Sikhs with one voice and in wild excitement raised the sky-rending shouts of Sat-Sri-Akal. The Sarhind's troops on beholding the Wazir Khan head took alarm and trembling fled helter-skelter in dismay and despair. The Sikhs fell upon them and there was a terrible carnage. Sikhs reached Sarhind by nightfall. The gates of the city were closed. The guns mounted on the walls of the fort commenced bombardment. The Sikhs laid siege to the place. They took rest in the night. Wazir Khan Family and many Muslim nobles fled to Delhi at night. By next afternoon Sikh forced open the gates and fell upon the city. The Government treasury and moveable property worth two crores fell into Banda Singh Bahadur hand which was removed to Lohgarh. Several Muslims saved their lives by embracing Sikhism. Dindar Khan Son of Jalal Khan Rohilla became Dindar Singh. The official news writer of Sarhind Mir Nasir-ud-din changed his name to Mir Nasir Singh. (Yar Mohammad, Dastur-ul Insha, page 37, Persian) The entire province of Sirhind consisting of twenty-eight paraganahs and extending from Sutlej to the Jamuna and from the Shiwalik hills to Kunjpura, Karnal to Kaithal, yielding 52 lakhs rupees annually came into Banda Singh Bahadur possession. Baj Singh was appointed the governor of Sirhind. Ali Singh was made his deputy. Their chief responsibility was to be on guard against the Mughal troops from Lahore and Jammu. Fatah Singh retained charge of Samana. Ram Singh, brother of Baj Singh became chief of Thanesar. Binod Singh in addition to his post of the revenue minister was entrusted with the administration of Karnal and Panipat. His main duty was to guard the road from Delhi. Banda Singh Bahadur retired to his capital at Lohgarh.

A hukamnamah, issued by him to his followers within a fortnight of his leaving to the fort of Lohgarh, showed the spirit which swayed the Sikhs during those arduous times. The following is an English version of Banda Singh's letter.

Deg O Teg O Fateh o nusrat bedirang Yaft Az Nanak Guru Gobind Singh

The kettle and the sword (Symbols of charity and power), victory and blessing have been obtained from Guru Nanak-Gobind Singh. God is one! Victory to the Presence!! This is the order of Sri Sachcha Sahib (The great master) to the entire Khalsa. The Guru will protect you. Call upon the Guru's name. Your lives will be fruitful!.

You are the Khalsa of the great immortal God. On seeing this letter, repair to the presence, wearing five arms. Observe the rules of conduct laid down for the Khalsa. Do not use Bhang, tobacco, Poppy, wine, or any other intoxicant. Commit no theft or adultery. We have brought Satyug (the golden age) Love one another. This is my wish. He who lives according to the rules of Khalsa shall be saved by the Guru.

Banda Singh Bahadur era began from May 12, 1710, the date of his victory in the battle of Sirhind. The Zamindari system was abolished in the whole province at one stroke. Banda Singh Bahadur promised and proclaimed: "I do not oppress the Muslims." Any Muslim who approaches him, he fixes a daily allowance and wage and looks after him. He has permitted them to recite khutba and namaz. As such five thousand Muslim have gathered round him. Having set up administrative machinery, Banda Singh Bahadur advanced from Sarhind to Malerkotla. The town was saved for a ransom of two lakhs on the recommendation of Kishan Das Banya, an old acquaintance of Banda Singh Bahadur. From there he marched to Morinda. He chastised the Brahmins and Ranghars who had made over Guru Gobind Singh's mother and his two youngest sons to Wazir Khan. Then he visited Kiratpur and Anandpur to pay homage to shrines. He took Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar and carried fire and sword everywhere. Banda Singh Bahadur crossed the Beus and fell upon Batala. Then, he went on a pilgrimage to Dera Baba Nanak. At Amritsar Banda Singh Bahadur made large offerings. He invited young men to embrace Sikhism promising remission of land revenue and other rewards. Then many from the area of Majha joined the Khalsa. Banda Singh Bahadur marched towards Lahore. Sayyid Islam Khan, the Governor mounted guns on the walls of the city. Banda Singh Bahadur laid a siege but was unable to force upon the walls of the fort. Lahore must have fallen, but Banda Singh Bahadur was in a hurry to look after his government. The entire city remained safe owing to its fortifications. But the entire suburbs for miles around were completely devastated. In this campaign Banda Singh Bahadur was joined by thousands of low caste Hindus who came into the fold of Khalsa.

Banda Singh Bahadur rule, though short-lived, had a far-reaching impact on the history of  Punjab. With it began the decay of Mughal authority and the demolition of the feudal system of society it had created. Banda Singh Bahadur increasing influence aroused the ire of the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah, who journeyed northwards from Deccan to punish Sikhs. Instructions were issued to the governors of Delhi and Oudh and other Mughal officers to march towards Punjab. Prohibitory laws against Sikhs were passed. Fearing that some Sikhs might not have smuggled themselves into the royal camp disguised as Hindus, Bahadur Shah ordered all Hindus employed of imperial forced to shave off their beards. Emperor Bahadur Shah's order, issued on December 10, 1710, was a general warrant for the faujdars to "kill the worshippers of Nanak, i.e. Sikhs, wherever they are found (Nanak Prastan ra Har ja kih bayaband baqatl rasanand)". The massive imperial force drove the Sikhs from Sirhind and other places to take shelter in the fort of Lohgarh in the hilly region. Khafi Khan a Muslim historian of that time says; "It is impossible for me to describe the fight which followed. The Sikhs in the faqir's dress struck terror into the hearts of the royal troops. The number of casualties among the latter was so large that for a time it appeared as if they were going to lose."

Banda was chased out of every corner of Punjab and he took refuge in the Shivalik hills. Banda Singh Bahadur got married to the daughter of one of the hill chiefs. Banda Singh Bahadur again started his campaigns against Mughals and came out of hills to the plains of Punjab and overwhelmed by the superior numbers of Mughal forces. As reported to emperor Bahadur Shah on April 28th, 1711, (Akhbarat-i-darbar-i-mualla) , "The wretched Nanak-worshipper (Banda Singh Bahadur) had his camp in the town of Kalanaur (District Gurdaspur). Further reinforcements arrived and sixty thousand horse and foot closely invested Banda Singh Bahadur hill retreat. For want of provisions, Sikhs were reduced to rigorous straits. They killed their horses for food, and when they could stand up to the enemy no longer, they made desperate nightly sally to escape into the hills of Nahan. Banda Singh Bahadur was far from vanquished. Sikhs came out of their mountain haunts to recover their lost territories and once again occupied Sadhaura and Lohgarh. Farukh Siyar, who came to the throne of Delhi in 1713, launched against them the sternest proceedings that political authority stirred with a fanatical religious zeal could devise. They were hounded out of plains of Punjab and their main column, under Banda Singh Bahadur about 4,000 men were subjected to the most stringent siege at the village of Gurdas Nangal, about six kilometers from Gurdaspur. Gurdas Nangal was an epic of purest heroism in face of heavy odds. According to Muhammad Qasim, the Muslim author of Ibratnamah, who has given an eyewitness account of this campaign, the "brave and daring deeds (of the Sikhs) were amazing. Twice or thrice a day, some forty or fifty of them would come out of their enclosure to gather grass for their animals, and, when the combined forces of the emperor went to oppose them, they made short work of the Mughals with arrows, muskets, and small swords, and then disappeared. For eight months the garrison resisted the siege of 100,000 Mughal troops under the gruesome conditions.

Quite apart from the daring exploits of the ordinary Sikh soldier, there were strong rumors in the Mughal camps that Banda Singh Bahadur had magical powers, and could transform himself into many shapes to escape captivity. Most of the Mughal commanders were afraid of a face to face encounter with Banda Singh Bahadur and were constantly pushing their Qazis and Mullas to the front to offer prayers to counter the spells of the enemy. Abdus Samad Khan openly prayed that Banda Singh Bahadur escaped from there so that the whole business could be disposed of on any excuse. Only fresh orders from the Emperor to capture Banda Singh Bahadur dead or alive kept him at his task. He was taking new measures every day to tighten the siege, to starve the defenders to submission. Qamar-ud-Din's forces were holding one half of the circle and his own forces were on the other half. This siege dragged on for eight months. Towards the end, an unfortunate dispute arose between Banda Singh Bahadur and one of his most trusted advisers Baba Binod Singh. This man along with Baaj Singh and three others made up the war council that Banda Singh Bahadur was supposed to consult in any difficult situation. Binod Singh advised the evacuation of the fortress, but for some reasons of his own, Banda Singh Bahadur wished to fight it out there. Binod Singh was senior in age, and when this difference of views flared up into an open quarrel, Banda Singh Bahadur agreed to let Baba Binod Singh take his men out of the Fortress. Binod Singh and his supporters then charged out of the fortress and escaped.

Towards the end of November 1715, the remaining defenders were running out of ammunition and food. They were trying to exist on boiled leaves and the bark of trees and were gradually reduced to mere skeletons. Then on 17th December 1715, Abdus Samad shouted across the separating moat, that he would not allow any killing by his men if Banda Singh Bahadur opened the gate to the fortress. When Banda Singh Bahadur ordered the gate be opened, the Mughals rushed into a spear or stab as many as three hundred of the half-dead and helpless defenders. About 200 were captured alive and handcuffed in twos. Banda Singh Bahadur had chains around his ankles and his wrists and was then locked in an iron cage. The Mughals were still afraid that he might escape and so they placed a guard on each side of the cage with swords drawn and the cage was placed aloft an elephant, which led the procession, which paraded through Lahore, before proceeding towards Delhi. Zakaria Khan, the son of the Lahore Governor, then took charge and in order to give the Emperor a bigger present, he ordered his men to lop off more heads of Sikhs that they caught on the way, and he loaded them on to the carts that carried the 300 from (Gurdas Nangal). The rest Sikhs around 740 Sikhs along with Banda Singh Bahadur were taken to Lahore, and thence to Delhi. The cavalcade to the imperial capital was a grisly sight. Besides 740 prisoners in heavy chains, it comprised seven hundred cartloads of the heads of the Sikhs with another 200 stuck upon pikes. On 26th February, 1716, this procession neared Delhi, and Farukh Siyar ordered his Minister Mohammed Amin Khan to go out to receive them and to prepare them for a suitable display in the town.

On the 29th February, the citizens of Delhi had lined the streets in full force, to get a good sight of the show. First marched 2,000 soldiers each holding a Sikh head impaled on his upright spear (so many extras had been collected on the way), followed by Banda Singh Bahadur on an elephant. A gold-laced red turban was placed on his head, and to add further mockery to his plight, a bright printed scarlet shirt was slipped on his body.

Then came 740 prisoners (500 had been collected on the way). These men were chained in pairs and thrown across the backs of camels. Their faces were blackened and pointed sheepskin or paper caps were clapped on their heads. Behind this line came the Mughal Commanders, Mohammed Amin Khan, his son Kamar-ud-Din Khan, and his son-in-law Zakaria Khan. Their army men lined both sides of the streets.

However humiliating their plight, there were no signs of dejection or remorse on the faces of these Sikhs. In the words of Mohammed Harisi, author of the Ibratnama, who was on the spot that day: "The crowds were pressing forward to get a better view. Many were enjoying the sight and taking hilarious jibes at them. But nothing changed the air of calm and resignation on the faces of those Sikhs. There were no signs of bitterness or dejection anywhere.

They appeared to be happy with their lot, and were actually joined in groups singing their Guru's hymns. If anyone remarked that they were being punished for their sins, their retort was: 'No, it is all according to God's Will?"' When we see the list of weapons captured from them at Gurdas Nangal we are really amazed at what they could do with so little.

This is the list as supplied by Kanwar, the author of the Tazkrah: 1,000 swords, 217 small swords, 114 daggers, 278 shields, 173 bows, and 180 rifles. In spite of this scanty material they could have continued defying the Mughal might a long long time, if only their supplies of food had not run out.

C.R.Wilson, a Bengal civilian has given in his Early Annals of the English in Bengal the following description of the entry of the Sikh captives into Delhi:

"Malice did its utmost to cover the vanquished with ridicule and shame. First came the heads of the executed Sikhs, stuffed with straw, and stuck on Bamboo's, their long hair streaming in the wind like a veil, and along with them to show that every living thing in Gurdaspur had perished, a dead cat on a pole. Banda himself, dressed out of mockery in a turban of red cloth, embroidered with gold, and a heavy robe of brocade flowered with pomegranates, sat in an iron cage, placed on the back of an elephant. 

Behind him stood a mail-clad officer with a drawn sword. After him came the other 740 prisoners seated two and two upon camels without saddles. Each wore a high foolscap of sheepskin and had one hand pinned to his neck, between two pieces of wood. At the end of the procession rode the three great nobles, Muhammad Amin Khan, sent by the emperor to bring in prisoners, Qamar-ud-Din, his son, and Zakariya Khan, his son-in-law. 

The road to the palace, for several miles, was lined with troops and filled with exultant crowds, who mocked at the teacher (Guru) and laughed at the grotesque appearance of his followers. They wagged their heads and pointed the finger of scorn at the poor wretched they passed. "HU! HU! infidel dog worshippers your day has come. Truly, retribution follows on transgression, as wheat springs from wheat, and barley from barley!!"

"Yet the triumph could not have seemed complete. Not all the insults that their enemies had invented could rob the teacher and his followers of his dignity. Without any sign of dejection or shame, they rode on, calm, cheerful, even anxious to die the death of martyrs. Life was promised to any who would renounce their faith, but they would not prove false to their Guru, and at the place of suffering their constancy was wonderful to look at. 'Me deliverer, kill me first,' was the prayer which constantly rang in the ears of the executioner."

Khafi Khan illustrates the resolute will and complete devotion to their cause displayed by those Sikhs by telling us about one young prisoner who was about to be called up from the line. This boy had been newly married and had been hauled in by Zakaria Khan's soldiers on the way, only to swell the number of captives for the pleasure of Farukh Siyar. 

He was the only son of his widowed mother, who had hurried to plead her case before the Emperor. She said that her son had been beguiled into joining the Sikh bands, but was not a Sikh at heart. On that ground, the Emperor wrote out the order of pardon for the boy, and the mother had hurried with that note and handed it to the officer-in-charge of the executions. 

The officer read out the pardon and the youth shouted out, "My mother has lied. I am a Sikh of my Guru in body and soul. Do not separate me from my departed friends. Please hurry so that I can join them now." Saying that he left the guards dumbfounded and rushed away to the front of the queue again. He lowered his head before the executioner and refused to budge until the sword had descended and cut him into two."

"That the gory scene was enacted for seven days until all the ordinary captives had been disposed off. According to Mohammed Harisi, their bodies were loaded on wagons and taken out of town to be thrown to the vultures. The heads were hung up on trees or on poles near the market-place to be a lesson to all rebels. Not one from the 700 odd men had asked for pardon. 

The jailors next turned their attention to the 20 odd sardars, including Baaj Singh, Fateh Singh, Ahli Singh and Gulab Singh (of Lohgarh fame). These men were tortured to the extreme and were asked to divulge the place where they had buried all the treasures that had been looted from Sirhind, Batala and other towns during their better days. "

Failing to get any clues after three months, they prepared to put an end to their lives on Sunday, 9th June 1716. Banda Singh Bahadur cage was again hoisted on top of an elephant, and he was dressed in mock attire of an emperor, with a colorful redpointed turban on his head. His 4-year-old son Ajai Singh was placed in his lap. The twenty-odd Sardars marched behind the elephant and this special procession then passed through the streets of Delhi and headed for the Kutub-ud-din mausoleum of Bahadur Shah, near the present Kutab Minar. On reaching that graveyard, the captives were again offered a choice of two alternatives: conversion to Islam or death. Needless to say, all chose death. The Sikh Sardars were subjected to tortures before being executed. Their heads were then impaled on spears and arranged in a circle round Banda Singh Bahadur who was now squatting on the ground. There were hundreds of spectators standing around watching this scene. Here they made him paraded around the tomb of late emperor Bahadur Shah and put him to a barbarous death.

Banda Singh was then given a short sword and ordered to kill his own son Ajai Singh. As he sat unperturbed, the executioner moved forward and plunged his sword into the little child cutting the body into two. Then pieces of flesh were cut from the body and thrown in Banda Singh Bahadur face. His liver was removed and thrust into Banda Singh Bahadur mouth. The father sat through all this without any signs of emotion. His powers of endurance were to be tested still further. But before that, Mohammed Amin Khan, who was standing near spoke as follows: "From your manner so far you appear to be a man of virtue, who believes in God, and in doing good deeds. You are also very intelligent. Can you tell me why you have to suffer all this here?”

Banda's reply was, "When the tyrants oppress their subjects to the limit, then God sends men like me on this earth to mete out punishment to them. But being human, we sometimes overstep the laws of justice, and for that, we are made to pay whilst we are still here. God is not being unjust to me in any way."

The executioner then stepped forward and thrust the point of his dagger into Banda Singh Bahadur right eye, pulling out the eyeball. He then pulled out the other eyeball. Banda Singh Bahadur sat through all this as still as a rock. His face gave no twitch of pain.

The cruel devil then took his sword and slashed off Banda Singh Bahadur left foot, then both his arms. But Banda Singh Bahadur features were still calm as if he was at peace with his Creator. Finally, they tore off his flesh with red-hot pincers, and there being nothing else left in their book of tortures, they cut his body up into a hundred pieces and were satisfied. (These details of the torture are given in full, by the following writers: Mohammed Harisi, Khafi Khan, Thornton, Elphinstone, Daneshwar, and others).

The ambassadors of the East India Company, John Surman and Edward Stephenson, who were in Delhi then and had witnessed some of these massacres, wrote to the governor of Fort William: "It is not a little remarkable with what patience Sikhs undergo their fate, and to the last, it has not been found that one apostatized from his new formed religion. "

On June 9th, came the turn of Banda Singh Bahadur. Harshest torments had been reserved for him. His eyes were pulled out and his hands and feet chopped off. His flesh was torn with red hot pincers. The end came, mercifully for him with the executioner's axe falling on his neck. With his end, Sikhism did not die on the contrary Sikhism came out strong and the torch of Banda Singh Bahadur was carried with new Warriors like Nawab Kapur Singh Virk, Sardar Budh Singh, Sardar Charat Singh, Baba Deep Singh Jee Shaheed, Sardar Jassa Singh Jee Ahluwalia, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Hari Singh Bhangi, etc.

Manas ki jaal sabhai ekai pehchaanbo is the Guru Gobind Singh's message. Which emphatically states "men may call themselves Hindus, Muslims, Emams and Shaffies, but I see them all belonging to one race, mankind." Guru Gobind Singh had given Banda Singh Bahadur specific orders to punish those who had persecuted good saints like Pir Budhu Shah. He had not mentioned any revenge on those who had executed his own young boys at Sirhind. He had expected Bahadur Shah to fulfill his promise to punish those who had committed atrocities on good men but had parted company from the Emperor completely disappointed. Banda Singh Bahadur was then taught to bring to reality the Guru's own dream:

With death of Banda Singh Bahadur, the torch of the Khalsa was taken up by new warriors like Baba Deep Singh, Nawab Kapur Singh, Chhajja Singh, Bhuma Singh, Hari Singh Dhillon, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Budh Singh, Naudh Singh, and Charhat Singh Sukerchakia and others. The Age of the Dal Khalsa and the Sikh Misls (principalities) had dawned. Within ninety years, Ranjit Singh Sukerchakia united the Misls captured Lahore and established the Sikh Kingdom of Punjab.