Ranjit
Singh was the leader of the Sikh Empire of Punjab. He was popularly known as
Sher-i-Punjab, or "Lion of Punjab". He fought several wars to expel
the Afghans in his teenage years and was proclaimed as the "Maharaja of
Punjab" at age 21. His empire grew in the Punjab region under his
leadership through 1839.
Almost 777
years of foreign rule, starting from the Turkish invader Mahmud of Ghazni in
1022 after ousting the Hindu Shahi ruler Raja Tarnochalpal, until the time
Maharajah Ranjit Singh entered the gates of Lahore on July 7, 1799; Punjabis
had not ruled their own land.
Prior to
his rise, the Punjab region had numerous warring misls (confederacies), twelve
of which were under Sikh rulers and one Muslim. Ranjit Singh successfully
absorbed and united the Sikh misls and took over other local kingdoms to create
the Sikh Empire of Punjab.
He
repeatedly defeated invasions by Muslim armies, particularly those arriving
from Afghanistan, and established friendly relations with the British. He
received support from Punjabi Musalmans who fought under his banner against the
Afghan forces of Nadir Shah and later of Azim Khan.
Ranjit
Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernization, investment into
infrastructure, and general prosperity. His army and government included Sikhs,
Hindus, Muslims, and Europeans. His court reflected a secular pattern, his
Prime Minister Dhian Singh was a Dogra, his Foreign Minister Fakir Azizuddin
was a Mulsim, his Finance Minister Dina Nath was a Brahmin, and artillery
commanders such as Mian Ghausa, Sarfaraz Khan were Muslims.
The Khalsa
army of Ranjit Singh reflected the regional population. In the Doab region, his
army was composed of the Jat Sikhs, in Jammu and northern Indian Hills it was
Hindu Rajputs, while relatively more Muslims served his army in the Jhelum
river area to areas closer to Afghanistan.
When Dost
Mohammed Khan attacked Peshawar in 1834 to regain it, Maharaja Ranjit Singh
sent Fakir Azizuddin, his Foreign Minister, for negotiations. When Fakir
Azizuddin reached his camp and talks started, the courtiers gave it a religious
bend and he was taunted severely for his allegiance to a non-Muslim. Fakir
Azizuddin asked all present that being a good Muslim, it wasn’t his moral duty
to loyally serve his king?
The
aggressors who were in no mood to let go, cleverly started alluding to the
massive bloodshed of Muslims on both sides of the war ensued. Fakir Azizuddin
took a pause and asked Dost Mohammed Khan that if he convinced Maharaja Ranjit
Singh to give Peshawar back to him, would he return peacefully? The answer was
a resounding ‘yes’. And then Fakir Azizuddin retorted: “Don’t brand your
campaign Islamic, it’s a fight for a piece of land.”
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